Abstract
Women usually stand as secondary party in family, society, an also in poverty alleviation program in Papua. In Fact, Papuan women play a big role in gaining family welfare, which is the foundation of national welfare in alleviating poverty. The big role is supposed to be considered to involve Papuan Women in poverty alleviation program programs in Papua. The involvement of Papua women women in such programs needs not only empowerment scheme, but also protection scheme because Papuan women have suffered from many violences phisically, psycologically, and also economically. BBPPKS can play an important role in one of three keys of empowerment, which is education for the Papuan women.
A. BACKGROUND
Papua’s percentage of poor people is the highest in Indonesia. 37.53% of its poople were poor in 2009. The number decrease to 36.80% in 2010 (BPS: 2011). Goverment, either central government or local government, have been trying to eradicate the poverty problems in Papua. Therefore, govermental poverty alleviation programs in Papua can be devided into two categories, which are programs from central government such as Joint Venture Community (Kelompok Usaha Bersama/KUBE), and programs from local government such as Strategic Village Development Plan (Rencana dan Strategi Pemberdayaan Kampung/RESPEK).
KUBE is a trademark of Ministry of Social Affairs since the 1980's which still exists up to now. (Depsos.go.id). KUBE is implemented in all provinces in Indonesia. KUBE is a program for a group of approximately 10 people in certain village. There is a supervisor for each of this group, who is paid by the government. The activities if the program is decided by the group with the assistance of the supervisor. The money to implement the activities is transferred directly to the group’s account. The goal of the program is to empower poor people
RESPEK is a program of Papua Province since 2007. By this program, a village (kampung) receives a block grant of Rp. 100.000.000,- to be managed. The village is supervised by RESPEK officers in the process of program planning, implementation, and program reporting. The activities of the programs depend on decision of the village people. So, who involve in the programs and who will enjoy the benefit from the program, depend highly on those who involve in decision making process. The women’s involvement and the forms of involvement in the program also depend on the process.
The goal of Respek is improving the level of Papuan live. Barnabas Suebu, Papuan Governor who proposed the program, said “The goal of Respek is simply to elevate the quality of education, basic health services, housing, clean water, and economic empowerment of civilians” (www.presidenri.go.id). The bklock grant has been given to 3000 villages. (Bintang Papua. 18 Agustus 2011). Each village receives Rp. 100.000.000,-. The fund is used by the villagers for community development. The villagers plan, organize, actuate, control, and procedurally report the programs. (www.antaranews.com). The program has collaborated with some parties, such as United Nation Development Program (UNDP) in Papua, and National People Empowerment Program (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat/PNPM Mandiri.
Basically, the goals of such programs is poverty alleviation. In a micro scale, the indicator of poverty and prosperity is family welfare. This is simply because family is the smallest part of nation community. Therefore, to alleviate poverty in national scale means alleviate poverty in its smallest part, family. If family welfare increases, it means poverty is alleviated in certain level.
Family welfare is influenced by socio-economic factors like socio-demographic of family, family income, and position in society (Istiqlaliyah Muflikhati and friends, 2010). Family welfare can be measured by asset ownership, educational level, and occupation characteristics. (Daniel Suryadarma and friends, 2005). By this measurement, the family welfare may describe the level of poverty and prosperity. Family welfare can also be indicator of society welfare because the family welfare is a component to build society welfare.
B. PAPUAN WOMEN’S ROLES IN GAINING FAMILY WELFARE
Women’s roles are expectations or behavior which are demanded to be executed by women in their social structures. The roles can be in economic, political, educational, social, religious domain. In the Papuan family structure, women are expected to do certain roles. Women are expected to take care of children, serve food for family members, clean houses, and also make income. These expectations may not exactly the same between one family and another. The expectation is likely to be influence by culture, tradition law, the number of family members, the perspective of family members toward women etc.
Those two programs of poverty alleviation, either Respek or KUBE, does not seem to prioritize women as subject executors. Whereas Papuan women play important roles in family welfare. The roles has been admitted by local goverment and and women activists (Kompas & Papua Merdeka News, 2011). Nationally, ministry of women empowerment and child protection notes that women contribute 55.6% of gross domestic income (Bintang Papua, 2011). So, do not prioritizing women in such programs might be caused by gender bias which sees women as inferior and having no ability to handle such programs. This bias relates to gender role, which refers to the set of social and behavioral norm that are considered to be socially appropriate for women in the context of Papuan cultures.
In fact, many papuan women are making income by selling betelnut, vegetables, and fruits in traditional markets, in front of shopping center, and in roadsides. This facts confirm that Papuan women have ability to make and manage income in order to contribute to family welfare. However, there are some cases in which their men do not allow the women to manage it. Even, some women are exploited and violated (W.I.M Poli and friends, 2008). Based on the facts, this is likely that Papuan women lack of access to empowerment, protection and opportunity to improve their capacities and capabilities.
C. ALTERNATIF MODEL OF INVOLVING PAPUAN WOMEN’S IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS
Although there is general consensus among the scientific and government that Papuan women have many roles in family lives, some disagreement exist about how to use the roles in improving family welfare, and in poverty alleviation programs. While the programs in Papua continue using a big number of money, a relatively little practice of involving women as subject.
The Alternative model of empowerment in poverty alleviation program in Papua, is “Protective Empowerment”. It means that the empowerment of Papuan women has to be backed up by protection. This might be a suitable alternative model of involving women in the programs.
Empowerment is a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters power (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important (Nanette Page and Cheryl E. Czuba: 1999). According to Jim Ife, empowerment is a process of connecting people to resources, chances, knowledge, and skills to improve their capacities needed for their future, and for participation in and influence on their communities. (Ife, 2008)
From these definitions, women empowerment can be interpreted as social process that helps women having access to resources and chances to gain power to control their lives participate in and influence on their communities.
Why Papuan Women Empowerment needs Protection?
In the context of Papua, many women suffer from violence. Many women earn money by ging to work either in formal sector or informal one, but their husbands often asked the money forcedly. If the women do not give the money, the women will be tortured or assaulted (W.I.M Poli and friends, 2008: 61). Protection in this context is defined as preventing and responding to sexual and gender-based violence. Protection is requirement to make successfull Papuan women empowerment.
Based on the above overview, there are some points needed to be underlined:
1. Papuan Women have strong roles in assisting and supporting family welfare
2. Poverty alleviation programs in Papua does not prioritize women as subject executor
3. Papuan Women lack of access to empowerment, protection and opportunity
Therefore, The Proposed conceptual framework for involving women in poverty alleviation program can be explained by the picture below:
The pictures depict that the purpose of poverty alleviation programs is society social welfare. The society social welfare is built by family welfare component. In realizing family welfare, women give their contribution in term of income and unpaid work which has been expected to be done by women such as taking care if children. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of poverty alleviation programs, women need to be involved in the programs. The involvement of women need empowerment process and protection because many women still do not have power to do what they want, and to bargain with their family members who sometimes decide what the women have to do. The empowerment and protection is vital for the success of the program because Papuan women suffer from violence and exploitation
The protection has to have strong power. That is why, the protection is needed to be included verbally in the handbook of poverty alleviation progtram. The goals of the Protective empowerment are: 1) to promote the participation of women in all stages of poverty alleviation programs, 2) to ensure that women are benefited from the programs, 3) to ensure that the programs have equall impact on all groups in the vilage, and 4) to counter gender based violence.
D. CONTRIBUTION OF BBPPKS IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAM THROUGH PROTECTIVE EMPOWERMENT
There are three key areas of the empowerment cycle, which are education, participation and self reliance (UNHCR Reports, 2009). To be empowered, women need access to quality education. Education is essential to achieve empowerment, but it is not, in itself, empowerment. Empowerment requires an understanding of power relations in a given community. Power relations between women and men, as well as among different classes, races, ethnicities, and age groups influence how groups within any community behave (UNHCR, 2006). Therefore, within a community, women are likely to be part of more powerful and less powerful groups at the same time.
BBPPKS Jayapura can play a big role in one of three key areas of empowerment, which is giving access to quality education for women in poverty alleviation program, either by giving training for the women directly, or proposing gender-related policy .
BBPPKS can work with Papua Province and minitry of social affairs to train the poverrty program supervisors in a training which uses gender perspectives. The goal is taht the supervisors, whether men or women, will be able to ensure that: 1) the participatory [process in the program is equally and 2) specific basid needs of less powerless groups such as wome and children is protected.
E. CLOSING
Empowerment is not something that is done to women. Rather, it is a participatory process that engages women in reflection, inquiry, and action. To make sure this partipatory process is well done, a protection through legal policy is a must. Without urgent attention to this problem, it seems that Papua poverty alleviation programs will not show an essential improvement, and will not benefit papuan women in term of empowerment
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